![]() Then, according to what we find, we generate what is called a theoretical model, which is a set of ideas and equations that explains how matter is created from these fundamental particles. In general, we try to develop experimental methods to find the smallest particles, called fundamental particles-particles that cannot be subdivided any further. Particle physicists try to understand the basic particles that constitute matter and the forces that govern the interactions between those particles. I come from the field of particle astrophysics-a relatively new field of research that studies the basic particles traveling through space, particularly those that reach the Earth. To answer them scientifically, we can use various approaches and methods. These are several of the most intriguing questions that we can ask ourselves. What is the Universe made of and how has it evolved since the Big Bang. Art McDonald won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015, jointly with Takaaki Kajita, for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass. In this process, you will get to see how the most elusive elements around us are sometimes among the most important. In this article, I will tell you about the “ghost particles” called neutrinos-what they are, how we measure them, and why our discovery required a major change in our measurement methods. That helps us understand how the universe has evolved since it began with the Big Bang some 13.8 billion years ago. My colleagues and I have been studying neutrinos-one of the fundamental building blocks of the universe. Using particles from astrophysics sources, we study the laws of physics at the smallest possible scale of matter and develop mathematical formulas that describe how elementary particles interact with each other to make up our universe. * the field of particle astrophysics, scientists are trying to understand how the universe started and how it works at a very basic level. McDonald and his wife Janet have four children and nine grandchildren, who are a great joy to them. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020, McDonald became one of the leaders of a project to mass-produce mechanical ventilators, which were in short supply, at low cost. ![]() He continues to be active in basic research on neutrinos and dark matter. McDonald is a professor emeritus at Queen’s University in Canada. McDonald won numerous awards, including the Benjamin Franklin Medal (2007), Henry Marshall Tory Medal (2011), Nobel Prize in Physics (2015), and Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (2016). This is in contrast to the prediction of the standard model. McDonald and his team to the conclusion that neutrinos change their flavor, implying that they also have a finite mass. ![]() In 1999, the SNO observatory started measuring neutrinos, which led Prof. In 1989, he became a professor at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and he also became the director of the SNO facility. McDonald joined the project building the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Ontario, Canada, to study the solar neutrino problem. McDonald moved to Princeton University in New Jersey, where he became a professor. After Caltech, he accepted a research position at the Atomic Energy of Canada (AECL) Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, doing basic research at the accelerator facility. in physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, USA. McDonald earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in physics at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and his Ph.D. McDonald belonged to a club that organized a community dance on Saturday nights at the YMCA. Sydney was a great community-safe, social, and supportive, with many helpful teachers. Art McDonald is a Canadian astrophysicist born in 1943 in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada-a city of about 30,000 people on Cape Breton Island.
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